Review alternaria pathogenicity and its strategic controls anuj mamgain1, rajib roychowdhury2 and jagatpati tah3 1department of plant protection, institute of agriculture, visvabharati, sriniketan 731236, west bengal, india 2department of biotechnology, visvabharati, santiniketan 731235, west bengal, india. Additionally, alternaria sensitization has been determined to be one of the most important factors in the onset of childhood asthma. In this study, a pcr method based on oligonucleotide primers targeting the alt a 1 gene has been developed for the rapid detection of dna from alternaria spp. Genetic variation of alternaria alternata, an endophytic. It is difficult to describe the range of the entire genus psychoda for that reason we have included the known distribution for one species originally from north america, the drain fly psychoda alternata. Seinfeld and pandis 2006 proposed the following classification for the dispersal of aerosols in the air.
Indoors near condensation window frames, showers house dust in carpets, and air. The slides with fungal material on were observed in optical microscope, whenever it was necessary. Synergy with cladosporium or ulocladium may increase the severity of symptoms alternaria. Larvae of psychoda alternata say drain fly proved experimentally to have different degrees of predatory activity on egg masses of biomphalaria glabrata say, and lymnaea natalensis kruss, the. Alternaria is a weak pathogen of many hosts and is usually a secondary pathogen that only attacks following damage by other fungi or insects. Your body thinks that alternaria is extremely dangerous, even though it isnt, and antibodies are released. Genetic variation of alternaria alternata, an endophytic fungus isolated from pinus tabulaeformis as determined by random amplified microsatellites rams liangdong guo1, li xu1, weihong zheng1 and kevin d. The phytopathogenic fungus alternaria alternata produces one endo1,4betaglucanase, aak1, which is an important factor in disease development in persimmon fruit.
Nioshtic2 publications search 20033529 analytical bias. Clogmia albipunctata williston, 1893, psychoda cinerea banks, 1894, psychoda gemina eaton, 1904. However, the prevalence of fungal sensitivity in asthma is not completely understood. The characteristics and outcomes of 7 patients with cultureproven alternaria keratitis treated in our. The genus psychoda latreille, a globally distributed genus, is rep resented by fiftyfive recent species from the neotropics, five of which. Conidia of alternaria brassicaea and alternaria brassicicolab. Alternaria fruit spot rarely develops on fruits that are kept or ripened at room temperatures after harvest. Other comments alternaria spores are one of the most common and potent indoor and outdoor airborne allergens. Treatment for alternaria recognizing and preventing. If youre allergic to mold and you breathe in alternaria spores, chances are that your immune system will go haywire.
Detection and identification of alternaria species causing diseases of carrot in ankara province, turkey senem tulek1, fatma sara dolar2 1ministry of agriculture and rural affairs, central plant protection research institute, 06172, yenimahalle, ankara, turkey, phone. Alternaria radicina alteraoverview eppo global database. For more multimedia, look at alternaria on wikimedia commons. Habitat, symptoms and reproduction deuteromycotina. Several formspecies are found as saprobes on dead and decaying plant parts and in the soil while some formspecies are facultative parasites, infecting a large number of higher plants. Moth flies diptera, psychodidae norsk entomologisk forening. A sensitive twosite enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for measurement of the major alternaria alternata allergen alt a 1.
Alternaria definition of alternaria by medical dictionary. Alternaria is a ubiquitous fungal genus that includes saprobic, endophytic and pathogenic species associated with a wide variety of substrates. Allergic respiratory disease, including thunderstorm asthma and safs. Exposure to alternaria alternata in us homes is associated. It has a worldwide distribution and is frequently isolated from a wide range of plants, soil, food, and indoor air.
Interactions of rootfeeding insects with fungal and. Two recent publications concluded that 95% to 99% of american homes contained detectable amounts of alternaria antigens when analyzed with a polyclonal antibody pabbased. Hosted by the usgs core science analytics and synthesis. It was with a view of studying the morphological changes in the epithelium at the two periods and of correlating the results with those of previous workers that this study of the larva of psychoda alternata was undertaken. Alternaria alternata is a fungus which has been recorded causing leaf spot and other diseases on over 380 host species of plant.
Alternaria alternata and alternaria dauci incidence % was determined in stereoscopic microscope. A b biology plant pathogenic alternaria species survive between crops as spores and mycelium in infected plant residues or in and on seeds. The control of psychoda alternata psychodidae in sewage. The morphological characteristics useful for distinction among the three species mentioned above are the following. Alternaria alternata is mainly an outdoor fungus whose spores disseminate in warm, dry air, so in temperate climates, their count peaks in the summers. Structure and metamorphosis of the alimentary canal of the. Indeed, early blight is the most significant foliar disease of potatoes in the usa, asia and africa. Psychoda is a genus of moth flies in the family psychodidae. In other instances it is the changes associated with molting which have attracted attention. If the fungus is seedborne, it may attack seedlings, causing dampingoff, stem lesions, or collar rot.
Alternaria alternata is one of the most common fungi associated with asthma. Tomatoes are highly susceptible to fungal decay because of their thin skin and soft tissue, and alternaria is the main fungus responsible for spoilage. Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts, including in skin, paranasal sinuses and lungs. Alternaria alternata is recognized as an important aeroallergen indoors and outdoors, and exposure to the fungus has been identified as a risk factor for asthma. Pdf a study of cow dung diptera in sentul timur, kuala. It is a latent fungus that develops during the cold storage of fruits, becoming visible during the marketing. Review alternaria pathogenicity and its strategic controls anuj mamgain1, rajib roychowdhury2 and jagatpati tah3 1department of plant protection, institute of agriculture, visvabharati, sriniketan 731236, west bengal, india 2department of biotechnology, visvabharati, santiniketan. In indoor environments, alternaria alternata has been isolated from dust on floors, carpet and mattresses. Pleosporaceae sinonimos alternaria geophila alternaria stemphylioides alternaria tenuis torula alternata. Pdf identification of alternaria alternata as a causal. Major alternaria habitats were identified using the corine land cover 2000 clc 2000 dataset for the studied area ec.
Identification of alternaria alternata as a causal agent for leaf blight in syringa species 127. Previous studies on alternaria keratitis have generally been limited to case reports. The fungus probably survives on crop residues and on other hosts. Jun 30, 2015 tomatoes are highly susceptible to fungal decay because of their thin skin and soft tissue, and alternaria is the main fungus responsible for spoilage. Pdf molecular detection of alternaria alternata strains. Jun 30, 20 alternaria is a ubiquitous fungal genus that includes saprobic, endophytic and pathogenic species associated with a wide variety of substrates. Treating alternaria can be difficult, so many gardeners do what they can to prevent this fungus from getting a toehold in their plots. Pcr detection and identification of alternaria speciesgroups. In recent years, dnabased studies revealed multiple nonmonophyletic genera within the alternaria complex, and alternaria species clades that do not always correlate to speciesgroups based on morphological characteristics. Alternaria is one of the types of mold that commonly causes allergic reactions.
Alternaria alternata causes black spot in many fruits and vegetables around the world. Recently, early blight has become far more widespread in mainland. Also, get rid of walltowall carpeting in dank basements, steamy bathrooms, and in your bedroom, where you spend so much time. Alternaria alternata spores are considered a wellknown biological contaminant and a very common potent aeroallergen source that is found in environmental samples. The alternaria brown spot abs is a disease caused in tangerine plants and its hybrids by the fungus alternaria alternata f. If mold is a problem in your home, decluttering can help. Alternaria mold in the home health concerns, removal. It is an opportunistic pathogen on numerous hosts causing leaf spots, rots and blights on many plant parts. Isolation and expression of a cdna clone encoding an alternaria alternata alt a 1 subunit. A ubiquitous genus containing common saprophytes in soil and air, and plant pathogens. The effectiveness of using the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen to control the nuisance fly psychoda alternata on the biological filters at failsworth sewage works, greater manchester, was investigated. Middleton veteran hospital, madison, wisconsin, usa sensitivity to fungi is a major risk factor for the development of asthma. We examined the clinical characteristics of alternaria keratitis in this study.
The genus alternaria includes both saprobes and plant pathogens which have been reported worldwide infecting crops in the field and causing post harvest decay of many plant products thomma, 2003. Alternaria leaf spot develops late in the season as the plants start to mature. Alternaria arborescens strain egs 39128 endopolygalacturonase gene, partial cds. Typically found on plant tissue, decaying wood, and foods. Alternaria leaf spot in the garden is a real problem for growers of brassicas, but it also makes life miserable for tomato and potato growers, causing plaquelike spots on leaves and fruits. Plant extracts and essential oils on the control of. There are more than 400 described species in psychoda. There are more than 40 known species of this fungi, which is often responsible for leaf spots and degenerative diseases on trees and bushes. This drain fly has spread to western asia, europe, and south america with reports of its establishment in iraq ali et al. Like its cousins, cladosporium and penicillium, alternaria is one of the most common types of outdoor mold. Psychoda alternata say, 1824 taxonomic serial no 125469 download help psychoda alternata tsn 125469 taxonomy and nomenclature kingdom. No part of this ebook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical. Psychoda latreille, 1796 to tinearia tinearia alia quate, 1962 comb.
Alternaria alternata is able to produce the following diseases. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. On one occasion it was found breeding together with a species of psychoda or moth. Two trials were undertaken which tested the efficacy of. In recent years, dnabased studies revealed multiple nonmonophyletic genera within the alternaria complex. About our alternaria alternata allergy test this ige antibody allergy test uses a blood sample to determine if you are allergic to alternaria alternata mold spores. Although usually seen as saprophytic contaminants, alternaria species in particular a. The series nematocera, or nemocera to which the tipulidae. The larva is semiaquatic and lives in the gelatinous ooze associated with leaks of sewage effluent, drains, and in trickling filter systems. Alternaria alternata is one of the fungal species referred to as leaf fungi phylloplane. Effect of plant extracts and essential oils on seedling germination, emergence and on tipping caused by alternaria.
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